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Clinical Decision Support Tools

Clinical Practice Guidelines

Clinical practice guidelines are evidence-based recommendations developed to assist healthcare professionals in making informed decisions about patient care. These guidelines are developed using rigorous methods and are based on the best available evidence to date. They are designed to optimize patient care by providing guidance on diagnosis, treatment, and management of specific conditions.

VASCERN and its Rare Diseases Working Groups follow (and have generated) existing (national and international) guidelines. The guidelines reflect the latest scientific evidence and are regularly reviewed and updated to ensure they remain up-to-date.

VASCERN Action Plan includes the selection and development of new guidelines and expert consensus statements, in cooperation with the Patient Representative Group (ePAG).

Results (43)


































Pregnancy and Thoracic Aortic Disease: Managing the Risks
April 18 2023

Wanga S, Silversides C, Dore A, de Waard V, Mulder B. Pregnancy and Thoracic Aortic Disease: Managing the Risks. Can J Cardiol. 2016 Jan;32(1):78-85. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.09.003. Epub 2015 Sep 18. PMID: 26604124.


2018 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy
April 18 2023

Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Cífková R, De Bonis M, Iung B, Johnson MR, Kintscher U, Kranke P, Lang IM, Morais J, Pieper PG, Presbitero P, Price S, Rosano GMC, Seeland U, Simoncini T, Swan L, Warnes CA; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy. Eur Heart J. 2018 Sep 7;39(34):3165-3241. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy340. PMID: 30165544.


Clinical Validity of Genes for Heritable Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection
April 18 2023

Renard M, Francis C, Ghosh R, Scott AF, Witmer PD, Adès LC, Andelfinger GU, Arnaud P, Boileau C, Callewaert BL, Guo D, Hanna N, Lindsay ME, Morisaki H, Morisaki T, Pachter N, Robert L, Van Laer L, Dietz HC, Loeys BL, Milewicz DM, De Backer J. Clinical Validity of Genes for Heritable Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Aug 7;72(6):605-615. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.089. PMID: 30071989; PMCID: PMC6378369.


Clinical utility gene card for: Hereditary thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection including next-generation sequencing-based approaches
April 18 2023

Arslan-Kirchner M, Arbustini E, Boileau C, Charron P, Child AH, Collod-Beroud G, De Backer J, De Paepe A, Dierking A, Faivre L, Hoffjan S, Jondeau G, Keyser B, Loeys B, Mayer K, Robinson PN, Schmidtke J. Clinical utility gene card for: Hereditary thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection including next-generation sequencing-based approaches. Eur J Hum Genet. 2016 Jan;24(1):e1-5. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.225. Epub 2015 Oct 28. PMID: 26508578; PMCID: PMC4795237.


The revised Ghent nosology for the Marfan syndrome
April 18 2023

Loeys BL, Dietz HC, Braverman AC, Callewaert BL, De Backer J, Devereux RB, Hilhorst-Hofstee Y, Jondeau G, Faivre L, Milewicz DM, Pyeritz RE, Sponseller PD, Wordsworth P, De Paepe AM. The revised Ghent nosology for the Marfan syndrome. J Med Genet. 2010 Jul;47(7):476-85. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2009.072785. PMID: 20591885.


2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine
April 18 2023

Hiratzka LF, Bakris GL, Beckman JA, Bersin RM, Carr VF, Casey DE Jr, Eagle KA, Hermann LK, Isselbacher EM, Kazerooni EA, Kouchoukos NT, Lytle BW, Milewicz DM, Reich DL, Sen S, Shinn JA, Svensson LG, Williams DM; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American Association for Thoracic Surgery; American College of Radiology; American Stroke Association; Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society of Interventional Radiology; Society of Thoracic Surgeons; Society for Vascular Medicine. 2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine. Circulation. 2010 Apr 6;121(13):e266-369. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181d4739e. Epub 2010 Mar 16. Erratum in: Circulation. 2010 Jul 27;122(4):e410. PMID: 20233780.


Echocardiography in aortic diseases: EAE recommendations for clinical practice
April 18 2023

Evangelista A, Flachskampf FA, Erbel R, Antonini-Canterin F, Vlachopoulos C, Rocchi G, Sicari R, Nihoyannopoulos P, Zamorano J; European Association of Echocardiography; Document Reviewers:; Pepi M, Breithardt OA, Plonska-Gosciniak E. Echocardiography in aortic diseases: EAE recommendations for clinical practice. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010 Sep;11(8):645-58. doi: 10.1093/ejechocard/jeq056. Erratum in: Eur J Echocardiogr. 2011 Aug;12(8):642. PMID: 20823280.


Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair (TEVAR) for the treatment of aortic diseases: a position statement from the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), in collaboration with the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI)
April 18 2023

Grabenwöger M, Alfonso F, Bachet J, Bonser R, Czerny M, Eggebrecht H, Evangelista A, Fattori R, Jakob H, Lönn L, Nienaber CA, Rocchi G, Rousseau H, Thompson M, Weigang E, Erbel R. Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair (TEVAR) for the treatment of aortic diseases: a position statement from the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), in collaboration with the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI). Eur Heart J. 2012 Jul;33(13):1558-63. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs074. Epub 2012 May 4. PMID: 22561257.


2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases: Document covering acute and chronic aortic diseases of the thoracic and abdominal aorta of the adult. The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology
April 18 2023

Erbel R, Aboyans V, Boileau C, Bossone E, Bartolomeo RD, Eggebrecht H, Evangelista A, Falk V, Frank H, Gaemperli O, Grabenwöger M, Haverich A, Iung B, Manolis AJ, Meijboom F, Nienaber CA, Roffi M, Rousseau H, Sechtem U, Sirnes PA, Allmen RS, Vrints CJ; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases: Document covering acute and chronic aortic diseases of the thoracic and abdominal aorta of the adult. The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2014 Nov 1;35(41):2873-926. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu281. Epub 2014 Aug 29. Erratum in: Eur Heart J. 2015 Nov 1;36(41):2779. PMID: 25173340.


Multimodality imaging of diseases of the thoracic aorta in adults: from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging: endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
April 18 2023

Goldstein SA, Evangelista A, Abbara S, Arai A, Asch FM, Badano LP, Bolen MA, Connolly HM, Cuéllar-Calàbria H, Czerny M, Devereux RB, Erbel RA, Fattori R, Isselbacher EM, Lindsay JM, McCulloch M, Michelena HI, Nienaber CA, Oh JK, Pepi M, Taylor AJ, Weinsaft JW, Zamorano JL, Dietz H, Eagle K, Elefteriades J, Jondeau G, Rousseau H, Schepens M. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015 Feb;28(2):119-82. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.11.015. PMID: 25623219.


2017 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease
April 18 2023

Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, De Bonis M, Hamm C, Holm PJ, Iung B, Lancellotti P, Lansac E, Rodriguez Muñoz D, Rosenhek R, Sjögren J, Tornos Mas P, Vahanian A, Walther T, Wendler O, Windecker S, Zamorano JL; ESC Scientific Document Group.Eur Heart J. 2017 Sep 21;38(36):2739-2791. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx391.PMID: 28886619


Management of Descending Thoracic Aorta Diseases: Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)
April 18 2023

2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of adult congenital heart disease
April 18 2023

Baumgartner H, De Backer J, Babu-Narayan SV, Budts W, Chessa M, Diller GP, Lung B, Kluin J, Lang IM, Meijboom F, Moons P, Mulder BJM, Oechslin E, Roos-Hesselink JW, Schwerzmann M, Sondergaard L, Zeppenfeld K; ESC Scientific Document Group.Eur Heart J. 2020 Aug 29:ehaa554. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa554. Online ahead of print.PMID: 32860028


The Dutch lymphedema guidelines based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health and the chronic care model
March 29 2023

Damstra RJ, Halk AB; Dutch Working Group on Lymphedema. The Dutch lymphedema guidelines based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health and the chronic care model. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2017 Sep;5(5):756-765. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.04.012. Epub 2017 Jun 30. PMID: 28818234.


Management of vascular anomalies in children
March 29 2023

Elajmi A, Clapuyt P, Hammer F, Bataille AC, Lengele B, Boon LM. Prise en charge des anomalies vasculaires chez l’enfant [Management of vascular anomalies in children]. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 2016 Oct;61(5):480-497. French. doi: 10.1016/j.anplas.2016.06.015. Epub 2016 Sep 15. PMID: 27641115.


Vascular Anomalies Guidelines by the Italian Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (SISAV)
March 29 2023

Stillo F, Mattassi R, Diociaiuti A, Neri I, Baraldini V, Dalmonte P, Amato B, Ametrano O, Amico G, Bianchini G, Campisi C, Cattaneo E, Causin F, Cavalli R, Colletti G, Corbeddu M, Coppo P, DE Fiores A, DI Giuseppe P, El Hachem M, Esposito F, Fulcheri E, Gandolfo C, Grussu F, Guglielmo A, Leuzzi M, Manunza F, Moneghini L, Monzani N, Nicodemi E, Occella C, Orso M, Pagella F, Paolantonio G, Pasetti F, Rollo M, Ruggiero F, Santecchia L, Spaccini L, Taurino M, Vaghi M, Vercellio G, Zama M, Zocca A, Aguglia M, Castronovo EL, DE Lorenzi E, Fontana E, Gusson E, Lanza J, Lizzio R, Mancardi MM, Rosina E. Guidelines for Vascular Anomalies by the Italian Society for the study of Vascular Anomalies (SISAV). Int Angiol. 2022 Apr;41(2 Suppl 1):1-130. doi: 10.23736/S0392-9590.22.04902-1. PMID: 35546136.


Vascular Anomalies Classification: Recommendations From the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies
March 27 2023

Wassef M, Blei F, Adams D, Alomari A, Baselga E, Berenstein A, Burrows P, Frieden IJ, Garzon MC, Lopez-Gutierrez JC, Lord DJ, Mitchel S, Powell J, Prendiville J, Vikkula MISSVA Board and Scientific Committee. Vascular Anomalies Classification: Recommendations From the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies. Pediatrics. 2015 Jul;136(1):e203-14. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-3673. Epub 2015 Jun 8. Review.


Second International Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
March 13 2023

Faughnan ME, Mager JJ, Hetts SW, Palda VA, Lang-Robertson K, Buscarini E, Deslandres E, Kasthuri RS, Lausman A, Poetker D, Ratjen F, Chesnutt MS, Clancy M, Whitehead KJ, Al-Samkari H, Chakinala M, Conrad M, Cortes D, Crocione C, Darling J, de Gussem E, Derksen C, Dupuis-Girod S, Foy P, Geisthoff U, Gossage JR, Hammill A, Heimdal K, Henderson K, Iyer VN, Kjeldsen AD, Komiyama M, Korenblatt K, McDonald J, McMahon J, McWilliams J, Meek ME, Mei-Zahav M, Olitsky S, Palmer S, Pantalone R, Piccirillo JF, Plahn B, Porteous MEM, Post MC, Radovanovic I, Rochon PJ, Rodriguez-Lopez J, Sabba C, Serra M, Shovlin C, Sprecher D, White AJ, Winship I, Zarrabeitia R. Second International Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Dec 15;173(12):989-1001. doi: 10.7326/M20-1443. Epub 2020 Sep 8. PMID: 32894695.


Safety of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
March 13 2023

Shovlin CL, Millar CM, Droege F, Kjeldsen A, Manfredi G, Suppressa P, Ugolini S, Coote N, Fialla AD, Geisthoff U, Lenato GM, Mager HJ, Pagella F, Post MC, Sabbà C, Sure U, Torring PM, Dupuis-Girod S, Buscarini E; VASCERN-HHT. Safety of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2019 Aug 28;14(1):210. doi: 10.1186/s13023-019-1179-1. PMID: 31462308; PMCID: PMC6714298.


Safety of thalidomide and bevacizumab in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
March 13 2023

Buscarini E, Botella LM, Geisthoff U, Kjeldsen AD, Mager HJ, Pagella F, Suppressa P, Zarrabeitia R, Dupuis-Girod S, Shovlin CL; VASCERN-HHT. Safety of thalidomide and bevacizumab in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2019 Feb 4;14(1):28. doi: 10.1186/s13023-018-0982-4. PMID: 30717761; PMCID: PMC6360670.


Prevention of serious infections in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: roles for prophylactic antibiotics, the pulmonary capillaries-but not vaccination
March 13 2023

Shovlin C, Bamford K, Sabbà C, Mager HJ, Kjeldsen A, Droege F, Buscarini E, Dupuis-Girod S; VASCERN HHT. Prevention of serious infections in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: roles for prophylactic antibiotics, the pulmonary capillaries-but not vaccination. Haematologica. 2019 Feb;104(2):e85-e86. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2018.209791. PMID: 30705116; PMCID: PMC6355489.


Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia – Orphanet Encyclopedia for Professionals
March 13 2023

Claire SHOVLIN (UK), Saverio ALICANTE (Italy), Luisa BOTELLA (Spain), Nicky COOTE (UK), Claudia CROCIONE (Italy), Freya DROEGE (Germany), Didier ERASME (France), Anette KJELDSEN (Denmark), David LEFROY (UK), Gennaro Mariano LENATO (Italy), Hans-Jurgen MAGER (The Netherlands), Marco POST (The Netherlands), Carlo SABBÀ (Italy), Patrizia SUPPRESSA (Italy) ; Ulrich SURE (Germany), Pernille TØRRING (Denmark), Sara UGOLINI (Italy), Elisabetta BUSCARINI (Italy), and Sophie DUPUIS-GIROD (France)


European Reference Network For Rare Vascular Diseases (VASCERN) Outcome Measures For Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT)
March 13 2023

Shovlin CL, Buscarini E, Kjeldsen AD, Mager HJ, Sabba C, Droege F, Geisthoff U, Ugolini S, Dupuis-Girod S. Haematologica. 2019 Feb;104(2):e85-e86. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2018.209791.


Clinical Practice guidelines: Vascular diseases of the liver
March 13 2023

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Vascular diseases of the liver. J Hepatol. 2016 Jan;64(1):179-202. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.07.040. Epub 2015 Oct 26. PMID: 26516032.


International guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia
March 13 2023

Faughnan ME, Palda VA, Garcia-Tsao G, Geisthoff UW, McDonald J, Proctor DD, Spears J, Brown DH, Buscarini E, Chesnutt MS, Cottin V, Ganguly A, Gossage JR, Guttmacher AE, Hyland RH, Kennedy SJ, Korzenik J, Mager JJ, Ozanne AP, Piccirillo JF, Picus D, Plauchu H, Porteous ME, Pyeritz RE, Ross DA, Sabba C, Swanson K,Terry P, Wallace MC, Westermann CJ, White RI, Young LH, Zarrabeitia R; J Med Genet. 2011


Liver involvement in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: consensus recommendations
March 13 2023

Buscarini E, Plauchu H, Garcia Tsao G, White RI Jr, Sabbà C, Miller F, Saurin JC, Pelage JP, Lesca G, Marion MJ, Perna A, Faughnan ME. Liver Int. 2006.


Classification and Diagnostic Algorithm for Primary Lymphatic Dysplasia
March 09 2023

The Children’s Lymphoedema Special Interest Group (CLSIG) has produced a Children’s Charter.

Supporting documents and clinic information are available here


St. George’s Paediatric Investigation Tool for patients with primary lymphoedema
March 09 2023

The Children’s Lymphoedema Special Interest Group (CLSIG) has produced a Children’s Charter.

Supporting documents and clinic information are available here


CLSIG Childhood Lymphoedema Diagnostic and Assessment pathways
March 09 2023

The Children’s Lymphoedema Special Interest Group (CLSIG) has produced a Children’s Charter.

Supporting documents and clinic information are available here


Charter of Care for Children and Young People with Lymphoedema
March 09 2023

The Children’s Lymphoedema Special Interest Group (CLSIG) has produced a Children’s Charter.

Supporting documents and clinic information are available here


Report of German Guidelines with all the collaborating members from Germany, Austria and Switzerland
March 09 2023

German guidline “Diagnostis and therapy of lymphedema“: Jörg Wilting, Rolf Bartkowski, Rüdiger Baumeister, Etelka Földi, Susanna Stöhr, Gerson Strubel, Klaus Schrader, Jürg Traber, May 2017

Report of German Guidelines with all the collaborating members from Germany, Austria and Switzerland


German Guidelines: Diagnostics and therapy of lymphedema
March 09 2023

German guideline “Diagnostics and therapy of lymphedema“: Jörg Wilting, Rolf Bartkowski, Rüdiger Baumeister, Etelka Földi, Susanna Stöhr, Gerson Strubel, Klaus Schrader, Jürg Traber, May 2017


The Ehlers-Danlos syndromes
March 03 2023

Malfait F, Castori M, Francomano CA, Giunta C, Kosho T, Byers PH. The Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020 Jul 30;6(1):64. doi: 10.1038/s41572-020-0194-9. PMID: 32732924.


Diagnosis, natural history, and management in vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
March 03 2023

Diagnosis, natural history, and management in vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Byers PH, Belmont J, Black J, De Backer JFrank M, Jeunemaitre X, Johnson D, Pepin M, Robert L, Sanders L, Wheeldon N. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2017 Mar;175(1):40-47. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31553. Review. PMID: 28306228


Abdominal emergencies in type IV ehlers-Danlos syndrome
March 03 2023

Benchellal ZA, Huten N, Danquechin Dorval E, Podeur L, Rahili A, Lemeret S, De Muret A. Abdominal emergencies in type IV ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1998 Mar;22(3):343-5. French


Recommendations for anesthesia and perioperative management in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome(s)
March 03 2023

Wiesmann T, Castori M, Malfait F, Wulf H. Recommendations for anesthesia and perioperative management in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome(s). Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2014 Jul 23;9:109. doi: 10.1186/s13023-014-0109-5. Review


Canadian Cardiovascular Society position statement on the management of thoracic aortic disease
March 03 2023

Boodhwani M, Andelfinger G, Leipsic J, Lindsay T, McMurtry MS, Therrien J, Siu SC; Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Canadian Cardiovascular Society position statement on the management of thoracic aortic disease. Can J Cardiol. 2014 Jun;30(6):577-89.


Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: how to diagnose and when to perform genetic tests
March 03 2023

Sobey G. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: how to diagnose and when to perform genetic tests. Arch Dis Child2015 Jan;100(1):57-61


Treatment of vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: a systematic review
March 03 2023

Bergqvist D, Björck M, Wanhainen A. Treatment of vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: a systematic review. Ann Surg. 2013 Aug;258(2):257-61. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31829c7a59. Review


Management of pregnancy in women with genetic disorders, Part 1: Disorders of the connective tissue, muscle, vascular, and skeletal systems
March 03 2023

Chetty SP, Shaffer BL, Norton ME. Management of pregnancy in women with genetic disorders, Part 1: Disorders of the connective tissue, muscle, vascular, and skeletal systems.Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2011 Nov;66(11):699-709. Review


Diagnostic criteria for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu‐Osler‐Weber syndrome)
February 13 2023

Shovlin CL, Guttmacher AE, Buscarini E, Faughnan ME, Hyland RH, Westermann CJ, Kjeldsen AD, Plauchu H. Am J Med Genet 2000.


European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Guidelines on Moyamoya angiopathy: Endorsed by Vascular European Reference Network (VASCERN)
February 02 2023

Bersano A, Khan N, Fuentes B, Acerbi F, Canavero I, Tournier-Lasserve E, Vajcoczy P, Zedde ML, Hussain S, Lémeret S, Kraemer M, Herve D. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Guidelines on Moyamoya angiopathy Endorsed by Vascular European Reference Network (VASCERN). Eur Stroke J. 2023 Mar;8(1):55-84. doi: 10.1177/23969873221144089. Epub 2023 Feb 2. PMID: 37021176; PMCID: PMC10069176.


Update and audit of the St George’s classification algorithm of primary lymphatic anomalies: a clinical and molecular approach to diagnosis
May 14 2020

Gordon K, Varney R, Keeley V, Riches K, Jeffery S, Van Zanten M, Mortimer P, Ostergaard P, Mansour S. Update and audit of the St George’s classification algorithm of primary lymphatic anomalies: a clinical and molecular approach to diagnosis. J Med Genet. 2020 Oct;57(10):653-659. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106084. Epub 2020 May 14. PMID: 32409509; PMCID: PMC7525776.


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